Stevenson, Wong & Co.
(中文) 2022年2月21日, 本所合伙人、诉讼及争议解决部主管徐凯怡律师受香港税务学会 (TIHK) 邀请，为其专业进修课程「税务顾问应知的仲裁知识——流程、优势和最新进展」担任讲师。
本次网络研讨会旨在让 TIHK 的会员了解仲裁在税务或其他商业纠纷中的好处，并介紹香港仲裁法和最新发展。徐律师先详细向与会者介绍了什么是仲裁以及仲裁的优势, 并特别提到起草有效仲裁协议的注意事项及拥有有效的仲裁条款之重要性。徐律师在会上阐释了仲裁的程序，并通过案例分析分享了商业交易中税务纠纷的可仲裁性，以及仲裁在涉及稅务范畴的收购合并争议中的应用。此外，徐律师亦分享了跨境仲裁的最新进展，和内地与香港对仲裁的支持和司法合作。
徐律师以回答现场提问的方式圆满地结束了是次充满互动性的网上课程，获得了与会者的正面回馈。
如阁下有任何查询或想了解更多详情，请联络本所徐凯怡律师。
In July 2021, the Court of First Instance (“CFI”) handed down its decision in Securities and Futures Commission v Isidor Subotic and Others[1] (“Subotic”).
The Subotic decision contains useful discussions on whether the Hong Kong Court has jurisdiction and may exercise it over overseas defendants of statutory claims commenced by the Securities and Futures Commission (“SFC”) in respect of breaches of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (“SFO”).
Without making a general observation that the SFC can enforce the SFO against overseas offenders, the Subotic decision was, on its specific factual matrix and in respect of the jurisdiction issue, in favour of the SFC.
Given that market participants (and offenders) often operate from out of Hong Kong, the Subotic decision is important to the SFC’s effectiveness as a Hong Kong regulator.
An appeal against the Subotic decision (the jurisdiction issue in particular) is pending the determination of the Court of Appeal.
Meanwhile, however, the Subotic decision remains an integral part of the SFC’s arsenal. On 14 February 2022, the reasonings in Subotic were adopted in SFC v Yik Fong Fong and Others[2], which decision was in favour of the SFC.
Background
In February 2016, an extensive network of traders orchestrated by 6 of the Defendants, including Eastmore Global, Ltd. (“the Eastmore Defendants”), executed manipulative trading orders to pump up the share price of Ching Lee Holdings Limited (stock code: 3728.hk) to 700% above its placing price.
The inflated price was maintained for 7 months, whereupon the shares were dumped onto the market abruptly, causing the share price to plummet by 90%.
The pump-and-dump scheme generated illicit profits of around HK$124.88 million for the Eastmore Defendants and the proceeds of sale was remitted overseas.
An estimate of some 896 market participants suffered an aggregate loss of over HK$101.28 million.
The SFC’s Action against the Eastmore Defendants
The SFC commenced an action in the CFI against, amongst others, the Eastmore Defendants for breach of various sections of the SFO, including conspiracy to do “false trading” (i.e. by creating a false or misleading appearance of “active trading”, and creating and maintaining an artificially inflated price).
Pursuant to section 213 of the SFO, the SFC sought various reliefs against the Eastmore Defendants, including a restoration order (i.e. to restore the market participants to the status quo ante), injunctive reliefs, and damages.
The SFC successfully obtained leave to serve the originating processes out of jurisdiction on the Eastmore Defendants.
Subsequently, the Eastmore Defendants sought to set aside the leave for service out in order to nullify the action against them.
Under Order 11 rule 1(1) of the Rules of High Court, for leave for service out to be granted, the Court must be satisfied that the following requirements are met:-
(1) There is a good arguable case that the plaintiff’s case falls within one of the “gateways”;
(2) There is a serious issue to be tried on the merits of the plaintiff’s case;
(3) Hong Kong is the appropriate forum for the trial.
The 2nd and 3rd requirements were not in serious dispute in this case. The main argument for the Eastmore Defendants was that the SFC’s case did not fall within any of the gateways.
The Gateways
The SFC sought reliance on the following three gateways: –
(i) Tort – “the claim is founded on a tort and the damage was sustained, or resulted from an act committed, within the jurisdiction”
(ii) Injunction – “an injunction is sought ordering the defendant to do or refrain from doing anything within the jurisdiction”
(iii) Necessary or proper party – “the claim is brought against a person duly served within or out of the jurisdiction and a person out of the jurisdiction is a necessary or proper party thereto”
(i) Tort
Having considered authorities from different jurisdictions, the Court distilled the following principles for deciding whether a claim is a tort:-
(1) There is no universal definition of tort;
(2) A claim in tort can be created by common law or statute. For those created by statute, it is not necessary for the statutory cause of action to be analogous to a pre-existing common law cause of action in tort;
(3) Within the same statute, some claims may be in the nature of tort whilst others may not;
(4) The presence of a “duty” towards person generally or a class of persons is an element of tort;
(5) If the statute prohibits certain conduct, a breach may result in liability in tort;
(6) If the statute merely provides that damages are recoverable without regard to the defendant’s intention, negligence or default, it may not be a tort, as the statute does not impose a duty on anyone to act in a particular way;
(7) A claim in tort is redressible by unliquidated damages but not every statute which creates a liability to pay damages creates a tort; and
(8) The mere fact that other discretionary remedies (e.g. injunction or declaration) may be available should not alter the characterization of a cause of action as a tort.
The Court considered that the above principles should apply notwithstanding the caveat that the authorities from which they were distilled concerned private plaintiffs who have suffered personal loss (contra. the SFC, which had not personally suffered any loss).
In finding that there was a good arguable case that the SFC’s statutory claim falls within the tort gateway, the Court considered the following factors:-
(1) Proof of intent on the part of the wrongdoer is required to establish the statutory claim of “false trading”;
(2) Those who had suffered loss plainly belong to a class of the public that the SFO intends to protect;
(3) Although civil remedies are available to individual investors, there are circumstances when it would be eminently reasonable for proceedings to be taken by the SFC for the investors’ benefit. The fact that the SFC might bring the action in its own name as the protector of individual market participants (many of whom with relatively small losses) did not undermine the tortious nature of such a claim;
(4) The fact that section 213 of the SFO also fulfilled public purposes and conferred upon the SFC rights that went further than the purpose of tort and ordinary enforceable civil law rights did not undermine the fact that the conduct sued upon was tortious in nature;
(5) While the remedies under section 213 were restorative in nature, where the Court has power to make a restorative order, it may, in addition or in substitution, make an order for damages against the defendants; and there was a good arguable case that the measure of damages for tort would apply;
(6) The fact that the SFO afforded more reliefs than damages was immaterial as a statutory tort did not require a parallel tort with parallel reliefs at common law;
(7) There were sound policy reasons that a claim under section 213 of the SFO should be regarded as a tort for the purpose of this gateway. A pragmatic and realistic approach should be adopted; and
(8) The “double actionability rule” required the plaintiff to satisfy the Court that its claim was actionable in tort both in Hong Kong and the place abroad, but if the Court found that the tort had in substance been committed in Hong Kong, the fact that some of the relevant events have happened abroad and the law of the foreign country where such events may have happened were irrelevant, and the Court could wholly disregard the double actionability rule. In this connection, the Court found that although the Eastmore Defendants were resident outside Hong Kong, there was a good arguable case that the conspiracy was in substance committed in Hong Kong. Therefore, the double actionability rule did not apply.
(ii) Injunction
The SFC sought injunctions against the Eastmore Defendants to (1) freeze their assets; and (2) restrain them from contravening the provisions against false trading. The injunctions sought are wide in scope to restrain the Eastmore Defendants from contravening section 213 of the SFO in any way, anywhere and anytime.
An injunction may be granted if there is an appreciable risk that the defendant would in the future interfere with the plaintiff’s rights. On the other hand, the court would not grant injunctions that are hopelessly wide and ill-defined, and it has no power to restrain conduct outside the jurisdiction.
The Court found that there was a good arguable case that an injunction would be granted against the Eastmore Defendants restraining them from committing further false trading activities in Hong Kong given that the Eastmore Defendant had maintained sufficient connections in Hong Kong and remained capable of conducting further acts in Hong Kong.
The injunction as sought by the SFC may be too wide in geographical scope, as the Hong Kong courts may not grant an injunction to restrain acts not only in Hong Kong but also unspecified “elsewhere”, and the injunction gateway specified that the writ should be one that seeks an injunction to restrain the defendant from doing anything “within the jurisdiction”.
That said, the Court commented further that the SFC did not need to rely on the injunction gateway if the tort gateway was passed. The scope of the injunction can be debated at the trial, and should the SFC need to rely solely on the injunction gateway, leave to serve the Eastmore Defendants out of jurisdiction should still be granted as if the injunction to restrain would be limited to acts within Hong Kong.
(iii) Necessary or proper parties
The SFC had not relied on this gateway initially when it applied for leave for service out.
Upon the Eastmore Defendants applying to set aside the leave for service, and in case they were successful vis-à-vis the tort and injunction gateways, the SFC additionally referred to the “necessary or proper parties” gateway and asked the Court to grant leave for service out afresh.
The Court noted that the validity of the Writ of Summons had already expired at the time of the decision, and it would be futile to regrant leave for service out without also extending the validity of the writ.
In any event, the Court found that the tort gateway was passed, the original leave for service out was valid, and it was unnecessary to grant leave for service out afresh.
Appeal
In November 2021, the Court granted the Defendants leave to appeal regarding these questions: (1) whether the SFC’s claim is in the nature of torts, and (2) the applicability of authorities on private tort claims to regulatory enforcement actions.
Leave was granted on the basis that the grounds of appeal involved points of general public importance:
(1) There was an apparent lacuna in the rules regarding service of a writ out of jurisdiction in regulatory enforcement action under section 213 of the SFO; and
(2) The SFO has extra-territorial effect, such that a decision on appeal will have impact beyond the present case as the SFC may have to serve writs for similar claims out of jurisdiction in future.
Conclusion
Hong Kong is an international financial centre. In this age of globalization and electronic communications, there are policy reasons to facilitate enforcement of the SFO against overseas offenders. The Subotic decision may indicate the Court’s readiness to support this.
On the other hand, the Court traditionally exercises its long-arm jurisdiction with caution. It is noteworthy that English decisions maintain the view that any doubt as to the correct construction of the gateways should be resolved in favour of the foreign defendant. There may also be cases where the policy reasons are less compelling, e.g. the public investors suffered no apparent loss.
Further, it is noted that the Court was not required to apply the “double enforceability rule” in the Subotic case upon finding that the tort had in substance been committed in Hong Kong. It remains theoretically possible for overseas offenders to devise a scheme such that no tort is committed in Hong Kong.
We await the determination of the Court of Appeal and hopefully a comprehensive guideline on when and how SFC may enforce the SFO against overseas offenders.
Please contact our Partners Mr. Osbert Hui or Mr. Dominic Lau for any enquiries or further information.
This newsletter is for information purposes only. Its content does not constitute legal advice and should not be treated as such. Stevenson, Wong & Co. will not be liable to you in respect of any special, indirect or consequential loss or damage arising from or in connection with any decision made, action or inaction taken in reliance on the information set out herein.
[1] [2021] HKCFI 2172.
[2] [2022] HKCFI 450.
(中文) 本所合伙人、诉讼及争议解决部主管徐凯怡律师再度获深圳国际仲裁院委任为新一届仲裁员，任期由2022年2月21日起，为期三年。
新一届《深圳国际仲裁院仲裁员名册》经深圳国际仲裁院（又称“华南国际经济贸易仲裁委员会”“粤港澳大湾区国际仲裁中心”“深圳仲裁委员会”）第二届理事会审议，共有1549名仲裁员，来自全球114个国家和地区，其中149名來自中国香港特别行政区。深圳国际仲裁院的仲裁员均经过层层严格筛选和审核，集合了国内外在法律、投资、金融、建设工程、房地产、知识产权、高新科技等不同领域的顶尖专家和精英，并在业界均享有公道正派的良好口碑。
徐律师是仲裁员，为少数获取认可进入香港律师会仲裁员名册的仲裁员。另外，徐律师是香港国际仲裁中心、中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会、上海国际仲裁中心、深圳国际仲裁院、海南国际仲裁院（海南仲裁委员会）、上海仲裁委员会、南京仲裁委员会、广州仲裁委员会、宁波仲裁委员会、合肥仲裁委员会及廊坊仲裁委员会的仲裁员。她亦是香港国际仲裁中心，香港律师会及土地审裁处（建筑物管理案件）的认可调解员，英国特许仲裁司学会院士，同时也是婚姻监礼人。徐律师亦是中国司法部委任的中国委托公证人。
(中文) 2022年2月10日至13日, 本所合伙人、诉讼及争议解决部主管徐凯怡律师受邀为首届亚太地区VIS模拟仲裁担任仲裁员。本次赛事以线上方式举办，吸引了全球超过130支来自土耳其﹑印度和新加坡等队伍报名参赛。
亚太地区VIS模拟仲裁旨在为年轻律师和学生提供国际商事仲裁体验和培训，以提高他们在辩护和仲裁方面的技能，以及进一步推动仲裁作为亚太地区争议解决的方式。徐律师分别为两场赛事担任仲裁员。各位参赛者经过精心的准备，展开了精彩的辩论。赛后，徐律师结合自身多年来的仲裁经验，为他们在模拟仲裁中的表现作出了细致的点评。
如阁下有任何查询或想了解更多详情，请联络本所徐凯怡律师。
(中文) 2022年2月16日，本所合伙人，诉讼及争议解决部主管徐凯怡律师，作为首批通过粤港澳大湾区律师执业考试(大湾区考试) 的香港律师，获香港女律师协会与港区妇联代表联谊会邀请，为其联合举办之《大湾区专题线上讲座-法律篇》担任演讲嘉宾。
本所合伙人徐凯怡律师
本次网上研讨会由香港女律师协会副会长﹑港区妇联代表联谊会副会长及立法会议员简慧敏律师，和港区妇联代表联谊会会长﹑全国人大代表及立法会议员陈曼琪律师担任主礼嘉宾。此外，出席的嘉宾包括香港特别行政区首任律政司司长梁爱诗博士﹑港区妇联代表联谊会副会长何文琪律师﹑香港女律师协会会长曾妙儿律师﹑全国政协委员凌友诗女士，及港区妇联代表联谊会副会长何超蕸女士。
本次研讨会嘉宾: 香港女律师协会副会长﹑港区妇联代表联谊会副会长及立法会议员简慧敏律师 (第三排, 第二位) ﹑港区妇联代表联谊会会长﹑全国人大代表及立法会议员陈曼琪律师 (第二排, 第一位) ﹑香港特别行政区首任律政司司长梁爱诗博士(第三排, 第三位)﹑全国政协委员凌友诗女士 (第二排, 第四位) ，及本所合伙人徐凯怡律师 (第一排, 第一位)
徐律师向与会者分享了中央政府于2019年2月印发的《粤港澳大湾区发展规划纲要》，将香港定位为亚太地区国际法律及争议解决服务中心，以及在“十四五”规划和“双循环”发展模式下，进一步巩固了香港在大湾区中的领先地位。徐律师在会上阐释了符合条件的香港法律执业者通过大湾区考试和培训后，可以在大湾区内地九市办理适用内地法律的部分民商事法律事务。此外，徐律师通过分享个人的实战经验，向与会者分享了大湾区考试的注意事项和心得。
本次网上研讨会受到了与会者的热烈欢迎，并积极向演讲嘉宾提出发问。
如阁下有任何查询或想了解更多详情，请联络本所徐凯怡律师。
(中文) A. 简介
近年愈来愈多商业机构选择以仲裁(Arbitration)作为解决民商事纠纷的方式，除了是考虑到当事人在取得仲裁裁决后，可根据《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》(即《纽约公约》) 于全球多个缔约地执行裁决，另一原因是相较起法庭诉讼 (Litigation) ，仲裁当事人不但可确保争议解决的程序保密，亦能在仲裁庭人选以至仲裁程序上有更大程度的自主性、灵活性和弹性。然而，若仲裁程序中出现有违正当程序或公平原则的情况，当事人可要求法院介入，对仲裁裁决是否可执行作出判定。
在最近的一宗于香港高等法院原讼法庭审理的案件 (Arjowiggins HKK2 LTD 诉 X Co [2022] HKCFI 128，下称“Arjowiggins案”) 中，陈美兰法官在判词中清晰表示，即使仲裁案件可采用较为灵活、具弹性的程序进行处理案件争议，仲裁各方仍必须恪守正当程序(Due Process)和公平(Fairness)的法律原则 。在Arjowiggins案中，陈法官以仲裁庭裁决超越了当事人于仲裁状书所提出的范围为由，下令撤销该仲裁裁决。在香港法院近年积极提倡以仲裁方式解决纠纷的背景下，陈法官的判决显示了若基本法律原则受到挑战，香港法院仍会作出撤销仲裁裁决的决定。
B. 案件背景
Arjowiggins案中的涉案双方为一项合资协议的签订方。双方根据合资协议在内地成立了一家合资公司（下称「合资公司」）， 由双方担任股东。及后双方就该合资协议发生了争议，Arjowiggins案中的被申请人X Co. （下称「被申请人」）遂于2010年6月向内地人民法院申请对合资公司进行强制清盘。
其后于2018年，被申请人根据合资协议，向香港国际仲裁中心提交及展开仲裁程序 （下称「2018年仲裁」)，向仲裁庭提出申请人Arjowiggins HKK2 LTD（下称「申请人」）持有、保管或控制合资公司的若干文件，要求申请人立即归还。
于2020年8月5日，被申请人在2018年仲裁中取得胜诉，最终裁决中包括「申请人须将该等合资公司文件交付至强制清盘委员会（而非被申请人）」的命令。该清盘委员会仅于仲裁庭正式聆讯的约两个月前按内地法院的命令成立，处理合资公司的清盘事宜。
申请人不服，遂向香港法院原讼法庭提出申请，要求撤销该最终裁决。
C. 案件焦点
在Arjowiggins案的判词中，陈法官表示明白仲裁庭欲透过2018年仲裁，协助仲裁双方解决当前纠纷的意图，而因此采用较为弹性的程序，允许仲裁双方在仲裁庭作出部份裁决后，提交进一步的陈词，以厘清当时尚待解决的争议，再颁下最终裁决。陈法官亦表示明白仲裁庭希望确保仲裁双方在仲裁审理过程中得到公平对待，并获得合理机会，对各自案情进行陈述。然而，这并不代表仲裁庭能作出超越仲裁程序范围的裁决。
陈法官在判词中指出，最终裁决是仲裁庭在基于「申请人有责任根据合资协议，促进并完成合资公司的清盘事宜，包括将该等合资文件提供强制清盘委员会」的事实裁定而作出的。然而，仲裁双方并没有在其提交予仲裁庭的状书中，就有关双方在合资协议下促进并完成合资公司妥善清盘的责任进行任何主张或申辩，而仲裁庭对此事项亦未有掌握完整证据。陈法官认为，虽然清盘事项可能包括在合资协议中的仲裁范围内，但却并不在双方于2018年仲裁中提交予仲裁庭所需解决争议事项的范围以内。即使仲裁双方已获得公平和合理的机会就其案情进行陈词并提供证据，这亦并不代表仲裁庭对双方未提交仲裁的争议事项有管辖权。基于上述因素，陈法官颁令撤销该最终判决。
D. 结语及启示
Arjowiggins案值得各方深思细味的其中一点，是陈法官在判词中多番指出，双方透过提交状书以清晰厘定争议事项和范围之重要性。在近代的争议解决（包括仲裁）的过程中，在正审前才提出状书以外的新法律观点，企图对另一方进行「突袭」的做法，有违正当程序 (Due Process)以及公平 (Fairness)的法律原则，是不应被允许的。正确的做法是仲裁各方事先尽可能全面地列出其所有申索和申请的救济，给予对方充足机会作全盘考虑，提出抗辩，以及全面收集需提交的证据。
本案意在提醒仲裁各方，在仲裁的初始阶段，应透过状书清晰、全面、明确地对所有待决争议作出主张或申辩。双方亦可于适当阶段，起草一份经双方同意的问题清单 (Agreed List of Issues) 或争议范围的条目 (Agreed Terms of Reference)，以便记录双方就仲裁范围的共识，以降低日后因超出仲裁范围而导致撤裁的风险。
本文由本所合伙人，诉讼及争议解决部主管徐凯怡律师、卢家俊高级律师、梁杰維律师和陆卓楠
实习律师共同撰写。若阁下想了解更多详情，请联络本所徐凯怡律师。
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