(中文) 跨境破产法最新动态：香港法院拒绝搁置香港诉讼程序

上周五，即2021年12月17日，香港高等法院夏利士法官颁下了一项重要的跨境清盘案件判决，认可了内地破产管理人身份，但拒绝搁置香港诉讼程序。在Nuoxi Capital Limited (諾熙資本有限公司)(In Liquidation In The British Virgin Islands) v Peking University Founder Group Defendant Company Limited (北大方正集團有限公司) HCA778/2021及一系列共同审理的案件 (统称「本案」) 中，夏利士法官认可了北京大学旗下子公司北大方正集团有限公司 (下称「北大方正」，其集团统称「方正集团」) 的破产管理人身份，但驳回了北大方正搁置债权人在香港发起的有关维好协议 (keepwell deeds) 争议的诉讼程序申请。

案件背景

本案各方的争议主要源于被告北大方正就其多家子公司在相关的债券及担保协议下负有的17亿美元债务做出的维好协议。该维好协议要求北大方正促成其子公司 (1) 在任何时候至少合计保持1美金的资产净值，及 (2) 有足够的现金流确保子公司可偿付相关债务。除此之外，该维好协议亦要求北大方正尽最大努力 (best efforts) 取得所有必要的监管批准，以及在子公司资金不足偿付债务的情况下向该些子公司注入充足的资金。该维好协议约定管辖法律为英国法，且由香港法院专属司法管辖。

由于方正集团日益恶化的财务状况，北大方正的子公司未能根据相关债券及担保协议偿付债务。在2020年2月19日，北京市第一中级人民法院 (下称「北京法院」) 颁下了北大方正进行破产重组 (reorganization) 的命令，并随后指令债权人提交债权申报。

该维好协议下的债权人向北大方正的破产管理提交了有关维好协议下的债券申报，但被北大方正的破产管理人拒绝。因此，该等债权人在香港法庭对北大方正提起诉讼。

北大方正的破产管理人向香港法庭寻求承认和协助在北京的重组程序，并申请搁置香港的诉讼程序，以便各方可以在正在进行的重组程序中解决相关争议。

北大方正申请搁置香港诉讼程序的理由

本案中，北大方正的破产管理人主要基于以下理由向香港法院提交搁置香港诉讼程序的申请：

1. 原告人选择在内地提交债权证明 (proof of debt)，表示服从内地法院的管辖且放弃以非内地破产程序解决相关争议的权利。
2. 香港法院做出的判决能否在内地得到承认或执行，存在着很大的不确定性，而且考虑到案件的本质，北京法院更适合处理相关争议。
3. 应基于根据修正普遍主义 (modified universalism) 的原则搁置香港诉讼程序。
4. 考虑到诉讼当事人和证人的最大利益和便利，内地法院显然更合适，诉讼应在内地进行。

法庭判决

针对北大方正提出的理由，夏利士法官做出了以下的回应及分析：

1. 在研究了英国法律的多宗判例后，夏利士法官认为，虽然原告人在内地破产重组程序中提交申索确实构成服从内地法院的管辖，但这并不会禁制原告人在香港发起诉讼程序，更不会单独构成香港法庭拒绝执行专属管辖权条款的理由。
2. 同时，就北京法院是否会执行香港判决，夏利士法官参考了北京法院出具的请求书 (letter of request) 并留意到该请求书中北京法院并没有表示不会认可及执行有效的香港法院判决。另外，考虑到内地法院及香港法院就有效推进跨境破产及重组程序所作出的合作尝试及努力，以及香港合同法与英国合同法的相似程度，很难相信北京法院会不重视香港法院根据专属管辖权条款就英国合同法的争议作出的判决。就此，夏利士法官强调，当事人在约定的管辖法院决定他们的争议，是一项重要的实质性权利。香港法院只有在有令人信服的理由的情况下才会剥夺一方当事人的这一权利。在夏利士法官看来，原告人有权在香港审理该维好协议下的争议，并且，如果成功的话，从判决中取得可以支持他们在内地破产重组程序中推进申索的利益。
   
3. 就修正普遍主义原则的问题，夏利士法官指出本案的情况并不适用。由于原告人只是为了取得香港判决以推进在内地破产重组程序中的申索，且并不准备通过内地破产重组程序以外的方式获得偿付，本案并不会违背修正普遍主义的原则 (即确保被清盘公司的所有资产在单一的分配制度下摊分给被清盘公司的债权人)。
4. 考虑本案使用英国法且涉及的法律争议可能十分广泛及复杂，夏利士法官并不认为北京法院通过接受外国法律意见的方式会比香港法院 (同样作为普通法法系的法院) 更适合处理本案的相关争议。

基于上述理由，香港法院驳回了北大方正提出的搁置香港诉讼程序的申请。

总结

本案中，虽然香港法庭认可了内地破产管理人的身份，但仍然在本案适当的情况下坚持香港法院具备管辖权。夏利士法官指出《最高人民法院关于开展认可和协助香港特别行政区破产程序试点工作的意见》显示香港高等法院和内地行使破产管辖权的法院在适当情况下合作协调程序，以促进破产程序的公平和有效率地进行。夏利士法官认为，内地和香港的法律制度和经济模式存在很大差异，有意识和敏锐的合作和沟通对减少误解和提供有效协助是必要的 (Conscious and sensitive cooperation and communication is necessary in order to minimise misunderstandings and facilitate effective assistance)。本案中，北大方正的破产管理人提交的证据并没有指出北京法院已向其解释了有关申请会在香港引起的问题。请求信中也没有指出香港法院将需要解决中国企业破产法和该维好协议的管辖条款之间的冲突。

夏利士法官希望通过本案判决可以协助北京法院理解，如果最高法院要求内地和香港法院之间尽可能地沟通和合作，那么破产管理人及内地律师有必要确保内地法院获得完整和平衡的信息 (complete and balanced information)。夏利士法官强调，跨境破产和协助外地法律程序不涉及法院之间的竞争，法院的目标是共同努力以在尊重彼此司法管辖的实体法和程序的同时，实施公平和高效的破产程序 (The courts aim to work together to implement fair and efficient insolvency processes whilst respecting the substantive law and procedure of each other’s jurisdiction)。夏利士法官亦希望能够通过本案协助北京法院理解，在香港法律下提出搁置程序的申请并不简单，从而进一步促进最高人民法院意见所鼓励的沟通与合作。

本文由本所合伙人，诉讼及争议解决部主管徐凯怡律师、黄晊晄律师和甘子豪律师助理共同撰写。若阁下想了解更多详情，请联络本所徐凯怡律师。

于本文中提供的一切资料仅供参考，不构成任何法律意见，资料亦受制于适用规定及法例不时的更新与修改。若需取得相关法律意见，须咨询法律顾问。

On 16 Dec 2021, our Partner, Mr. Gordon Tsang, was invited by Roma Group Limited to provide Environmental Social Governance (ESG) and Anti-corruption Training, together with AllBright Law Offices, to the directors and staff of listed companies. The webinar covered the latest disclosure requirements of ESG Reporting Guide and successfully attracted representatives from more than 60 listed companies.

From the left: Mr. Billy Yong, Senior Partner of AllBright Law Offices, Mr. Kingsley Cheng, Consultant of Roma Group, and our Partner, Mr. Gordon Tsang

Mr. Billy Yong, Senior Partner of AllBright Law Offices, and Mr. Kingsley Cheng, Consultant of Roma Group share their insights on ESG Reporting Guide’s latest updates and Mr. Tsang illustrated the key points of the anti-corruption guidelines and the duties of directors and non-executive directors through cases studies.

For more information, please contact our Partner Mr. Gordon Tsang.

On 2 December 2021, our firm’s Partners and Heads SW Private Client Department, Ms. Catherine Por and Ms. Wendy Lam, and Partner Mr. Calvin Lo, were invited by HSBC Global Private Banking to attend the Trust and Wealth Planning Christmas Cocktail Reception at HSBC Main Building in Central.

From the left: Our firm’s Partners, Mr. Calvin Lo, Ms. Catherine Por, and Ms. Wendy Lam

Our Partner Ms. Por won the first prize in the lucky draw.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank HSBC Global Private Banking for the invitation and the wonderful evening.

On 10 December 2021, our Partner Mr. Calvin Lo was a guest speaker for a webinar titled “Exploring Foreign Marriage and Family Affairs Under Civil Law” organised by the Qingdao Lawyers Association’s Marriage, Family and Legacy Planning Committee. The webinar discussed the legal issues of cross-border marriage. Mr. Lo explained the restrictions on the enforcement of cross-border family judgements, and “Arrangement on Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Civil Judgments in Matrimonial and Family Cases by the Courts of the Mainland and of the HKSAR” and “The Mainland Judgments in Matrimonial and Family Cases (Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement) Ordinance (Cap. 639)”.

Our Partner Mr. Calvin Lo

For more information, please contact our Partner Mr. Calvin Lo.

Background

On 19 November 2021, The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (the “Exchange”) published its consultation conclusions (the “Consultation Conclusions”) as to its proposal to enhance and streamline the listing regime for overseas issuers.  The amended Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on the Exchange (the “Listing Rules”) and the new guidance materials become effective from 1 January 2022.

The said proposals received large support from the public.  As such, the Exchange has concluded to adopt all the proposals outlined in its consultation paper on enhancing and streamlining the listing regime for overseas issuers on 31 March 2021 (the “Consultation Paper”) with minor modifications.  This article follows up with our news update in April 2021 on the Exchange’s Consultation Paper.  The capitalised terms used herein shall have the same meaning as defined in the Consultation Conclusions and Consultation Paper.  

In summary, the revised listing regime will be based on the following: 

• Streamlining shareholder protection standards into one set of “Core Standards”;
• Relaxing requirements on secondary listing regime for non-WVR Greater China Issuers, (a) without demonstration as an “innovative company”; and (b) lowering the minimum market capitalisation at listing than currently required;
• Allowing Grandfathered Greater China Issuers and Non-Greater China Issuers eligible for secondary listing with their existing WVR and/or variable interest entity structures to opt for a dual primary listing; and
• Publishing new guidance materials for secondary listed issuers.

Key Summary of the Revised Listing Regime

The key points of the revised listing regime of Overseas Issuers are set out as follows.  

Core Shareholder Protection Standards

1. the notice and conduct of general meetings; 
2. members’ right to remove directors, requisition a meeting, vote, speak and appoint proxies or corporate representatives; 
3. the reservation of auditor appointment, etc. to a committee independent of the board of directors of a company or a majority of the shareholders and the reservation of certain other material matters to supermajority votes by shareholders; 
4. restrictions on the term of a director appointed to fill a casual vacancy; 
5. availability of the shareholders’ register for inspection; and
6. restrictions on shareholder voting on certain matters required by the Listing Rules.  

Dual Primary Listing

Secondary Listing Requirements

Criteria A 

1. a track record of good regulatory compliance of at least five full financial years on a Qualifying Exchange (for any Overseas Issuer without a WVR structure) or on any Recognised Stock Exchange (only for Overseas Issuers without a WVR structure and without a centre of gravity in Greater China); and 
2. an expected market capitalisation at the time of secondary listing of at least HK$3 billion. 

Criteria B

1. a track record of good regulatory compliance of at least two full financial years on a Qualifying Exchange; and 
2. an expected market capitalisation at the time of secondary listing of at least HK$10 billion.

Secondary listed issuers’ conversion to primary listing status

• Route 1 – For issuers delisted from the overseas exchange: 
  1. A 12-month automatic grace period available for the preparation of financial statements in accordance with HKFRS/ IFRS upon delisting from the primary listing market.
  2. Automatic Waivers will be disapplied in respect of other Listing Rules upon being delisted from the primary listing market.
  3. Regarding involuntary delisting from the overseas exchange, transitional arrangements shall apply for continuing transactions which are entered into before the issuer’s notification of the involuntary delisting to the Exchange so that the transactions are exempt from applicable Listing Rules for 3 years from the date of the delisting notification. 
  4. In the event that an Overseas Issuer expects difficulty in complying with specific applicable Listing Rules, a grace period may be granted on a case-by-case basis. The Exchange reserves the power to require the issuer’s stock short name to include a special stock marker (TP) to indicate that the issuer is a primary listed issuer under transitional arrangements.

• Route 2 – For issuers that become primary listed in Hong Kong as a result of Migration: 
  1. Upon the majority of trading in the Overseas Issuer’s listed shares (i.e. 55% or more of the total worldwide trading volume, by dollar value, of those shares) migrates to the Exchange’s markets on a permanent basis over the overseas issuer’s most recent financial year, all Automatic Waivers will be revoked subject to the existing transitional arrangements of Chapter 19C.

• Route 3 – For issuers that become dual primary listed in Hong Kong as a result of Primary Conversion:
  1. All Automatic Waivers shall be revoked upon the effective date of Primary Conversion and a grace period for full compliance with the Listing Rules will not normally be allowed.

Analysis and Takeaways

The revised listing regime enhances and streamlines the Exchange’s approach to Overseas Issuer listings as a whole.  It clarifies the applicable requirements, thereby creating incentives for overseas issuers primary listed elsewhere to explore possibilities of applying for dual primary listing or secondary listing on the Exchange.  Some of the more restrictive requirements for issuers with a centre of gravity in Greater China have been removed, and it is expected to attract more US-listed Greater China Issuers to seek “homecoming” secondary listing attempts on the Exchange.

Please contact our Partner Mr. Rodney Teoh for any enquiries or further information.

This newsletter is for information purposes only. Its content does not constitute legal advice and should not be treated as such. Stevenson, Wong & Co. will not be liable to you in respect of any special, indirect or consequential loss or damage arising from or in connection with any decision made, action or inaction taken in reliance on the information set out herein.

We are delighted to announce that our Partner Mr. Gordon Tsang has been awarded the Individual- Gold Award in the Pro Bono Community Work Recognition Programme 2021 for his continuous contribution to community work. Organised by the Law Society of Hong Kong, the award aims to recognise and showcase the commitment of lawyers in Hong Kong to the community. Mr. Tsang has received this accolade for 7 consecutive years.

For any enquiries, please contact our Partner Mr. Gordon Tsang.